The operations manager has to know about the common strategic policies, basic material planning, manufacturing and production systems, and their analysis. It incorporates general management, factory- and equipment maintenance management by tradition.
Operations management requires being familiar with a wide range of disciplines. It makes sure the materials and labor, or any other input, is used in the most effective and efficient way possible within an organization – thus maximizing the output. Operations management is now a multidisciplinary functional area in a company, along with finance and marketing. The service side also began its approach by applying product management principles to the planning and organizing of processes, to the point where it made more sense to call it operations management. From the 1950’s and 1960’s, it formed a separate discipline, besides bringing other concepts, such as Taylorism, production planning, or inventory control, to life.Īs the economies in the developed world were gradually shifting to be service-based, all the corporate functions, including product management, started to integrate them.
Still, it was not until Henry Ford took a twist on manufacturing with his famous assembly line concept, otherwise known as “bring work to men,” that the management of production for improving productivity became a hot topic. Historically, it all began with the division of production, starting as early as the times of ancient craftsmen, but spreading more widely only by adding the concept of interchangeability of parts in the eighteenth century, ultimately sparking the industrial revolution. Operations management was previously called production management, clearly showing its origins in manufacturing.
The adjustments in the everyday operations have to support the company’s strategic goals, so they are preceded by deep analysis and measurement of the current processes. Operations management involves planning, organizing, and supervising processes, and make necessary improvements for higher profitability. We will also give you an outlook on some of the recent trends that have an impact on this discipline. It is hoped that this study will positively inform and effect change in the way investigators, regulators, and IRBs operationalize the assent process, respect children's developing autonomy, and in concert with parental permission, ensure the protection of children who participate in research.Īdolescents Assent Children Definition.In this article, we will introduce you to a historical background and the current concept of operation management, its guiding principles, and the everyday activities that are the responsibility of an operation manager. Fifteen (83%) members agreed with the elements of disclosure for adolescents/older children. Seventeen (94%) panelists agreed with the definitions of capacity for assent, elements of disclosure for younger children, and the requirements for meaningful assent, respectively. Summary rankings of the most important identified elements were then used to generate written construct definitions which were sent out for iterative reviews by the expert panel.Ĭonsensus regarding the operational definition was reached by 14/18 (78%) of the panel members. In providing these rankings, panelists were asked to frame their responses in the contexts of younger (≤ 11 yrs) and adolescents/older children (12-17 yrs) in non-therapeutic and therapeutic trials. Panelists were also required to rank order elements of assent that they believed were most important in defining the underlying constructs of the assent process (e.g., capacity for assent, disclosure). For each subsequent review, the process of summarizing and revising responses was repeated until consensus was achieved. To this end, we describe a Delphi study that provided consensus from a panel of expert stakeholders regarding the definitions of child assent for research.īased on current guidelines, a preliminary definition of assent was generated and sent out for review to a Delphi panel including pediatric bioethicists and researchers, Institutional Review Board members, parents, and individuals with regulatory/legal expertise. Development of a standardized operational definition of assent would thus be important to ensure that investigators, institutional review boards, and policy makers consider the assent process in the same way. As such, the requirements for assent are often construed in different ways, institutionally disparate, and often conflated with those of parental consent. There is currently no consensus from the relevant stakeholders regarding the operational and construct definitions of child assent for research.